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Introduction to typical antimony deposits in China
A Hunan Xikuangshan Antimony Mine
The Hunan Xikuangshan antimony mine is a typical representative of layered antimony deposits in carbonate strata. Studies have shown that the formation temperature of stibnite is approximately 250-100℃, and this antimony deposit belongs to a medium-low temperature hydrothermal deposit. The mining area is located in the active zone of subsidence and uplift differentiation structure on the southeastern side of the Xuefeng Mountain uplift in the Xinhuaxia tectonic system. Folds and faults are well-developed in the region. The tectonic lines run from south to north, turning to north-northeast, roughly forming an arc-shaped structure. Middle Devonian Qiziqiao Formation limestone, Upper Devonian Shetianqiao Formation sandstone and shale interbedded with limestone, Upper Devonian Xikuangshan Formation sandstone, shale and calcareous shale, and Lower Carboniferous Yankuan Stage carbonaceous shale and quartz sandstone are widely exposed in the mining area. Among them, the silicified limestone in the middle part of the Yutianqiao Formation is the main ore-bearing stratum. The mining area structure is a north-northeast trending faulted anticline, dipping to the northeast and southwest, approximately 9km long, 2km wide, and covering an area of 18k㎡. This includes four anticlines: Laokuangshan, Feishuiyan, Weihua, and Tongjiayuan, and two synclines: Xianlongjie and Jingtianyan. The western part of the faulted anticline is more intensely uplifted and cut by a series of strike-slip faults; the eastern wing has fewer faults and a relatively flat attitude. Antimony ore is found in the four corresponding anticlines. The mining area is divided into north and south sections, including four deposits (north section: Laokuangshan deposit, Tongjiayuan deposit; south section: Feishuiyan deposit, Weihua deposit). Among them, the Feishuiyan deposit is the largest, accounting for 53.1% of the total antimony reserves in the mining area. It has four main ore bodies, which are layered, sub-layered, lenticular, lens-shaped, and some are steeply inclined veins. Among them, ore body I is 600m long along the strike, 1800m long along the dip, with an average thickness of 2.5m and an antimony grade of 4.5%; ore body I is 600m long along the strike, 1300m long along the dip, with an average thickness of 7m and an antimony grade of 4%. The main metallic minerals of the Xikuangshan antimony mine are stibnite, followed by antimony bloom, antimony ochre, and yellow stibnite. Associated metallic minerals include pyrite, and very small amounts of siderite and hematite. Stibnite occurs as massive and radiating aggregates. Those found in geodes have perfect crystal forms, with the longest reaching about 1m. The gangue minerals are mainly quartz, followed by calcite, barite, and a small amount of fluorite and sericite. The ore exhibits banded, brecciated, massive, disseminated, and geode textures. The wall rock alteration is mainly silicification, followed by carbonatization, baritization, pyritization, fluoritization, and sericitization.
B Hunan Banxi Antimony Mine
The Hunan Banxi antimony mine in Taojiang County belongs to the stibnite quartz vein type, with phyllite as the wall rock. The mining area is located in the east-west trending structural and north-east-north-north-east trending structural intersection and composite zone at the axial part of the Tianshumountain anticline, where the Xuefeng Mountain uplift zone bends eastward in its northern section. The strata in the mining area are simple, with only the Wujianngxi slate and phyllite of the Precambrian Banxi Group exposed. Its strike is nearly east-west, dipping south with a steep dip angle. The folds in the area are intense, and the fault structures are not well-developed. There are 21 ore veins and alteration zones, which can be divided into three types: rich antimony quartz veins, antimony-bearing breccia zones, and antimony-bearing gold quartz veins. The main antimony mineral is stibnite, the associated minerals are mainly pyrite and realgar, and the gangue minerals are mainly quartz, with cinnabar grains embedded along the vein walls.
C Hunan Zazixi Antimony Mine
The Hunan Zazixi antimony deposit is located about 65km southwest of Anhua County, Hunan Province. It is the most representative cross-vein filling antimony deposit in the Precambrian in Hunan. The Zazixi antimony ore belt is located in the southwest of the mid-section of the Xiangxi Xuefeng arc-shaped tectonic belt, at the oblique intersection and composite part of the Shu-Hongjiang NE-trending large fault and the Lengjiaxi EW-trending large fault. It extends southwest from Shu-pu Yangpimao, through Anhua Zazixi and Hengchong, to Tongxin in the northeast, with a length of about 50km and a width of 7.5km. More than 20 antimony deposits (points) have been discovered. The exposed strata in this ore belt are mainly the Upper Proterozoic Banxi Group, with the Madiyi Formation at the bottom and the Wujianngxi Formation at the top. The latter is the most important ore-hosting stratum in the area. The ore mineral composition of the deposit is very simple, with stibnite as the main metallic mineral and quartz as the gangue mineral. The main ore type is quartz stibnite ore. The ore exhibits allotriomorphic granular, granular, filling replacement, granular cemented, and mosaic textures, and fine vein, massive, brecciated, and banded structures. Among them, massive and brecciated ores are unique to Precambrian antimony and antimony-gold deposits in Hunan. Stibnite is lead-grey, mainly allotriomorphic granular, and secondarily columnar crystals with a particle size of 0.1-0.2mm, with a small amount of columnar crystals up to 10mm in length. Stibnite generally fills the gaps between quartz vein particles or in the brecciated wall rock, and replaces quartz. Wall rock breccia gaps, and replaces quartz.
D Hunan Woxi Antimony Mine
The Hunan Woxi antimony mine in Taoyuan County is a typical tungsten-antimony-gold deposit, and it is a large-scale deposit. The Woxi tungsten-antimony-gold deposit is hosted in the purple-red slate of the Madiyi Formation of the Proterozoic Banxi Group. Stibnite veins mainly occur in the form of massive stibnite veins, sub-layered stibnite veins, and banded stibnite quartz veins. Massive stibnite veins generally have a visible thickness greater than 20cm, mostly thick plate-like, plate-columnar, sac-like, and lenticular dense massive stibnite, forming large ore bodies at the intersection of faults or in the weakened parts of folds; sub-layered stibnite veins extend stably, with a visible thickness between 5-20cm, often associated with ore-bearing quartz veins; banded stibnite quartz veins generally have a visible thickness less than 5cm, showing gentle wavy curves. The occurrence of stibnite veins is not completely consistent with the occurrence of the wall rock. Usually, cleavage fractures with different occurrences are developed in the wall rock on both sides of the veins, and the cleavage fractures developed in the wall rock do not penetrate the veins, showing the epigenetic characteristics of the veins. The ore is mainly composed of stibnite, with associated minerals mainly including pyrite, scheelite, wolframite, followed by sphalerite, galena, native antimony, realgar, cinnabar, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, native gold, etc. The gangue minerals are mainly quartz, with a small amount of dolomite, calcite, and sericite. Stibnite is one of the main gold-bearing minerals in this deposit. Under the microscope, stibnite occurs as massive and fine vein-like fillings along the boundaries of pre-existing minerals (such as scheelite, wolframite, quartz, etc.), open fractures, or intergranular fractures, showing obvious epigenetic characteristics.
E Guangxi Dachang polymetallic antimony deposit
Antimony deposits in Guangxi mainly belong to mesothermal hydrothermal polymetallic antimony deposits, and the Nandan Dachang ore field is a typical representative of this type of deposit. The ore field is located in the central part of the Guangxi Nandan-Hechi polymetallic ore belt and extends in a northwest direction. The strata of the ore field are exposed from the Devonian to the Triassic. The lithology includes fine clastic rocks, siliceous rocks, and carbonate rocks. The ore-bearing rock series are siliceous rocks and limestones. The ore field structure has a grid structure characteristic. The antimony deposits and antimony ore bodies in the Dachang ore field are divided into two types according to their morphology:
(1) Similar layered conformable antimony lead sulfide ore deposits, such as the Changpo-Bali-Longtoushan type (referred to as Longtoushan type). The mining area is located in the Danchi depression zone of the Jiangnan ancient land, and the Dachang anticline axis, transverse fracture zone, interlayer dislocation, and interfaces of rocks with different properties are the ore-hosting spaces. There are similar layered, fine vein disseminated ore bodies and cassiterite sulfide type joint zones and fine vein zone deposits. The Longtoushan type antimony deposit has now explored 11 large and small ore bodies, the largest of which is ore body No. 100 explored in the late 1970s, with Sn reserves of 136,800 tons and more than 1.3 million tons of other Pb, Zn, and Sb reserves. The main ore body is 900m long, 60～230m wide, and 12.61m thick on average. The ore body morphology is relatively complex, relatively stable in the vertical direction, and greatly changes in the horizontal direction, similar to a curved lotus root. Ore grade: Sb 3.69%, Sn 1.53%, Zn 3.44%, Pb 4.28%. In 1996, the antimony reserves of the Dachang Bali-Longtoushan polymetallic mine newly added to the national reserve table were 507,800 tons, with an antimony grade of 4.72%. The main ore minerals are cassiterite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, and stibnite, etc., with a total of 34 sulfide minerals.
(2) Vein-intersecting antimony-tungsten deposits, such as the Chashan type. The Chashan type antimony-tungsten deposit is located 2.5km southwest of Chehe Township, Nandan County, and is part of the Dachang ore field. The proven antimony reserves are 105,300 tons, with a large scale. There are 42 known veins, with a single vein length of 300～500m and a thickness of 0.23～0.67m, and the grade is: Sb is 0.35%～5.53%, and WO3 is 0.08%～1.49%. Among them, vein group No. 28 is the main vein, with a discontinuous surface exposure of 3800m, a depth greater than 800m, and a thickness of 0.5～10m, mainly antimony and tungsten, with associated silver, lead, zinc, copper, and gold. The main ore minerals are stibnite, wolframite, and scheelite, and the ore bodies are lenticular and thin plate-shaped. The near-ore wall rock alteration is silicification, carbonatization, etc. The deposit type is a post-magmatic medium-low temperature hydrothermal filling deposit.
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